Wotulutsa Madzi Otentha ndi Ozizira: Momwe Amagwirira Ntchito

Introduction

Makina otulutsira madzi akhala akufalikira m'nyumba zamakono, m'maofesi, komanso m'malo opezeka anthu ambiri, zomwe zimathandiza kuti madzi otentha ndi ozizira apezeke mosavuta popanda kugwiritsa ntchito njira zachikhalidwe zowiritsira kapena zoziziritsira. Makina otulutsira madzi otentha ndi ozizira ndi chipangizo chopangidwa kuti chipereke madzi pa kutentha kosiyanasiyana: madzi ozizira nthawi zambiri amakhala pakati pa 4°C ndi 10°C ndi madzi otentha pakati pa 85°C ndi 95°C. Zipangizozi zimapangidwa kuti zigwirizane bwino ndi moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mphamvu zizigwiritsidwa ntchito bwino, ukhondo, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mosavuta. Kumvetsetsa momwe makina otulutsira madziwa amagwirira ntchito kumafuna kufufuza mfundo zawo zamakanika, zamagetsi, komanso za thermodynamic.

Chisinthiko cha zoperekera madzi zimayambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20 pomwe njira zoperekera madzi m'mabotolo zidayamba kutchuka. Masiku ano, amabwera m'njira zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo ma countertops, ma unit omasuka, ndi makina ogwiritsira ntchito (POU) omwe amalumikizidwa mwachindunji ndi madzi. Nkhaniyi ikuyang'ana momwe makina operekera madzi otentha ndi ozizira amagwirira ntchito, poyang'ana pazigawo zake zazikulu, njira zoziziritsira ndi zotenthetsera, njira zoperekera, zotetezera, ndi zofunikira pakukonza. Pophwanya zinthu izi, titha kuyamikira kuphatikizika kwa fizikisi yosavuta komanso uinjiniya wapamwamba womwe umathandizira chida ichi cha tsiku ndi tsiku.

Pamtima pake, choperekera madzi otentha ndi ozizira chimagwira ntchito pa mfundo zoyendetsera kutentha, mphamvu zamadzimadzi, ndi machitidwe oyendetsa magetsi. Madzi amachotsedwa mu botolo losinthika kapena polumikizira mipope yachindunji, kenako amasinthidwa kudzera mnjira zosiyanasiyana zotenthetsera ndi kuzizira. Kuchita bwino kwa dispenser kumatengera kutsekereza, masensa, ndi ma compressor omwe amasunga kutentha komwe amafunikira ndikuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu. M'magawo otsatirawa, tigawa njirazi pang'onopang'ono, ndikupereka chithunzithunzi chaukadaulo choyenera mainjiniya, akatswiri, ndi ogwiritsa ntchito achidwi chimodzimodzi.

 

Zigawo Zoyambira za Choperekera Madzi Otentha ndi Ozizira

Chotsukira madzi otentha ndi ozizira chimakhala ndi zinthu zingapo zofunika zomwe zimagwira ntchito mogwirizana kuti zipereke madzi olamulidwa ndi kutentha. Kapangidwe kake koyamba kamakhala ndi malo osungira madzi kapena thanki, yomwe imagawidwa m'magawo otentha ndi ozizira. Pa mitundu ya mabotolo, botolo lalikulu la pulasitiki (nthawi zambiri magaloni 5 kapena malita 19) limapindika pamwamba pa chotsukira madzi, zomwe zimathandiza kuti mphamvu yokoka ipereke madzi m'mabotolo amkati. Mu mitundu ya POU, madzi amalowa kudzera mu njira yosefera yolumikizidwa ku gwero la madzi.

Tanki yamadzi ozizira nthawi zambiri imapangidwa ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri kapena pulasitiki ya chakudya, yotetezedwa kuti isalowe mkati. Imakhala ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe amakhazikika mosalekeza. Momwemonso, thanki yamadzi otentha, yomwe nthawi zambiri imakhala yaying'ono, imapangidwa ndi zinthu zotenthetsera komanso zotsekemera kuti zisunge kutentha. Matanki onsewa ali ndi masensa amwazi kuti azindikire kuchuluka kwa madzi ndikuletsa kusefukira kapena kuuma.

Zida zamagetsi zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri. Chigawo chamagetsi chimatembenuza magetsi a AC kukhala magawo ofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito ma compressor, ma heaters, ndi ma board owongolera. Dongosolo lowongolera, lomwe nthawi zambiri limapangidwa ndi ma microcontroller-based circuit board, limayang'anira kutentha kudzera pa ma thermistors kapena ma thermocouples ophatikizidwa muakasinja. Masensa awa amapereka mayankho kuti azitha kuwongolera kutentha ndi kuzizira, kuonetsetsa kuti zikuyenda bwino.

Kuphatikiza apo, choperekeracho chimakhala ndi ma valve kapena ma faucets, omwe nthawi zambiri amakankha-batani kapena amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi lever, omwe amawongolera kutuluka kwamadzi kuchokera ku tanki iliyonse. Ma tray odontha amasonkhanitsa kutayikira kulikonse, ndipo nyali za UV kapena ma jenereta a ozoni atha kuphatikizidwa m'mitundu yapamwamba yotsekera. Chophimba chakunja, chopangidwa ndi pulasitiki chokhazikika kapena chitsulo, chimakhala ndi zamkati izi pomwe chimapereka mawonekedwe owoneka bwino komanso mawonekedwe ogwiritsira ntchito ngati zizindikiro za LED za kutentha.

Kumvetsetsa zigawozi ndizofunikira chifukwa zimapanga maziko a ntchito ya dispenser. Mwachitsanzo, zida zotchinjiriza, monga thovu la polyurethane, zimachepetsa matenthedwe matenthedwe, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti makinawo azisunga kutentha ndi mphamvu zochepa. Kapangidwe kameneka sikumangowonjezera mphamvu komanso kumagwirizana ndi miyezo yamagetsi ngati ya ENERGY STAR.

 

Njira Yoziziritsira: Mfundo za Firiji pa Ntchito

Dongosolo loziziritsa mu choperekera madzi otentha ndi ozizira limadalira firiji yoponderezedwa ndi nthunzi, kuzungulira kwa thermodynamic komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mufiriji ndi ma air conditioners. Njirayi imaphatikizapo magawo anayi akuluakulu: kuponderezana, kukondera, kukulitsa, ndi kutuluka kwa nthunzi, mothandizidwa ndi mpweya wa refrigerant monga R-134a kapena njira zina zowonjezera zachilengedwe monga R-600a.

Pakatikati pake pali kompresa, pampu yamagetsi yoyendetsedwa ndi mota yomwe imakanikiza mpweya wa refrigerant, ndikuwonjezera kuthamanga kwake ndi kutentha kwake. Mpweya wothamanga kwambiri uwu umathamangira ku condenser, koyilo ya chubu yomwe ili kumbuyo kapena pansi pa choperekera. Apa, kutentha kumatayidwa kumpweya wozungulira kudzera mumayendedwe achilengedwe kapena kukakamizidwa ndi fani, kupangitsa kuti firiji ikhale yamadzimadzi.

Refrigerant yamadzimadzi imadutsa mu valavu yowonjezera kapena chubu cha capillary, kumene imatsika mwadzidzidzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti madzi asamawonongeke komanso kutentha kwakukulu. Kusakaniza kozizira kumeneku kumalowa muzitsulo za evaporator, zomwe zimakulungidwa kapena kumizidwa mu thanki yamadzi ozizira. Pamene furijiyo imaphwera mokwanira, imatenga kutentha kwa madzi ozungulira, kuziziritsa. Mpweya umabwerera ku kompresa, kumaliza kuzungulira.

Thermostatic control imaonetsetsa kuti kuziziritsa kumagwira ntchito pokhapokha pakufunika. Sensa ya thermostat mu thanki yozizira imawonetsa kompresa kuti igwire kutentha kwa madzi kukakwera pamwamba pa malo, nthawi zambiri 10°C, ndikuzimitsa ikafika 4°C. Kupalasa njinga zapamtundaku, komwe kumadziwika kuti bang-bang control, kumakulitsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu koma kumatha kubweretsa kusinthasintha kwakung'ono.

Pankhani yogwira ntchito bwino, coefficient of performance (COP) ya machitidwewa ndi pafupifupi 2-3, kutanthauza kuti pagawo lililonse la mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi, ma unit 2-3 a kutentha amachotsedwa m'madzi. Zinthu monga kutentha kozungulira, mtundu wa kutchinjiriza, ndi mtengo wa firiji zimakhudza izi. Mitundu yapamwamba imakhala ndi ma compressor othamanga kuti azitha kugwira ntchito bwino komanso kupulumutsa mphamvu.

Zomwe zingatheke m'dongosolo loziziritsa ndizomwe zimatuluka mufiriji, zomwe zimachepetsa kuziziritsa, kapena kulephera kwa kompresa chifukwa cha kutentha kwambiri. Kusamalira nthawi zonse, monga kuyeretsa ma condenser coils kuti muchotse fumbi, ndikofunikira kuti mupewe kuwonongeka kwa magwiridwe antchito. Pomvetsetsa kayendedwe ka firiji, ogwiritsa ntchito amatha kuthana ndi zovuta zomwe zimachitika nthawi zambiri monga kuzizira kosakwanira, komwe nthawi zambiri kumabwera chifukwa cha kutsekeka kwa mpweya kapena mafiriji ochepa.

 

Njira Yowotchera: Kukaniza Magetsi ndi Kuwongolera Kutentha

Kusiyanitsa mbali yoziziritsa, makina otenthetsera amagwiritsa ntchito kutentha kwamphamvu kwamagetsi kukweza kutentha kwa madzi. Tanki yamadzi otentha imakhala ndi chotenthetsera chimodzi kapena zingapo zomiza, zomwe zimayikidwa pakati pa 500W ndi 1500W, zopangidwa ndi waya wa nichrome wokulungidwa mkati mwa sheath yoteteza. Magetsi akamadutsa muwaya, kukana kumatulutsa kutentha kudzera mulamulo la Joule (P = I²R), pomwe P ndi mphamvu, ine ndi yapano, ndipo R ndi kukana.

Madzi amalowa mu thanki yotentha kuchokera pachitsime chachikulu kapena chingwe choperekera, ndikudzaza mpaka mulingo wokonzedweratu womwe umayendetsedwa ndi valavu yoyandama kapena solenoid. Chotenthetseracho chimayamba, kubweretsa madzi ku kutentha komwe kumafunikira. Kutenthetsa mozungulira thanki kumachepetsa kutentha, ndipo chotenthetsera chimasunga kutentha poyendetsa chotenthetsera ndikuzimitsa.

Chitetezo ndichofunika kwambiri pamakina otentha. Kutentha kwambiri kungayambitse kutentha kapena kuphulika kwa thanki, kotero zoperekera zimaphatikizapo ma thermostats a bi-metallic kapena matenthedwe odulidwa omwe amasokoneza mphamvu ngati kutentha kupitirira malire otetezeka, pafupifupi 100 ° C. Zitsanzo zina zimagwiritsa ntchito ma heater abwino (PTC), omwe amadzilamulira okha powonjezera kukana pa kutentha kwakukulu, kuteteza kutenthedwa.

Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu pakuwotha kumawerengedwa potengera kutentha kwa madzi (4.184 J/g°C). Kutenthetsa madzi okwanira 1 litre kuchokera pa 20 ° C mpaka 90 ° C kumafuna pafupifupi 292 kJ, kapena pafupifupi 0.081 kWh pa 100% bwino, ngakhale kuti ziwerengero zenizeni zimakhala zapamwamba chifukwa cha kutayika. Njira zoyimilira zimasunga madzi otentha ndikutentha kwakanthawi, kumawononga 0.5-1 kWh patsiku.

Kuphatikizana ndi dongosolo lonse kumatsimikizira kuti palibe kuipitsidwa pakati pa njira zotentha ndi zozizira. Kupatula machubu ndi mavavu amalepheretsa kusakanikirana kwamafuta, kusunga kutentha kosiyana. M'makina a POU, madzi omwe amalowa amatha kudutsa zosefera monga activated carbon kapena reverse osmosis nembanemba asanalowe m'matangi, kuchotsa zonyansa ndikuwongolera kukoma.

 

Dongosolo Loperekera: Fluid Dynamics ndi Mawonekedwe Ogwiritsa Ntchito

Kugawa madzi kumaphatikizapo mfundo zamadzimadzi kuti zitsimikizire kuyenda kosalala, koyendetsedwa. Wogwiritsa ntchito akatsegula mpope wozizira kapena wotentha, valavu imatseguka, zomwe zimalola mphamvu yokoka kapena kukakamiza kuyendetsa madzi kudzera m'mapopu odzipereka. M'mitundu yamabotolo, kupanikizika kwa mumlengalenga kumafanana kudzera pa chubu cholowera, kuteteza kutsekeka kwa vacuum.

Mayendedwe ake nthawi zambiri amakhala malita 1-2 pamphindi, olamulidwa ndi kutalika kwa nozzle ndi kuthamanga kwamutu kwa thanki. Ma valve a solenoid m'mayunitsi apamwamba amapereka chiwongolero chamagetsi, chothandizira zinthu monga kugawa makapu kapena mabotolo. Njira zotsekera ana pamipope yotentha zimagwiritsa ntchito zitsulo zodzaza ndi masika kuti aletse kuyatsa mwangozi.

Mawonekedwe a ogwiritsa ntchito nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi nyali zowunikira mphamvu, kutentha / kuzizira, ndi zidziwitso zamadzi otsika. Mapanelo okhudza kukhudza kapena mabatani amalumikizana ndi bolodi yowongolera, yomwe imayendetsa zolowetsa ndikuwongolera zotuluka kudzera pa ma relay.

Ukhondo umasungidwa kudzera mu zokutira zothira tizilombo pa spouts ndi kutsekereza kwa UV mu akasinja, kumachepetsa kukula kwa bakiteriya. Ma tray odontha okhala ndi ma grate amalola kuyeretsa kosavuta, ndipo mitundu ina imakhala ndi makina odzipangira okha.

 

Mawonekedwe a Chitetezo ndi Kutsata Malamulo

Ukadaulo wachitetezo m'mafakitale opatsira madzi umalimbana ndi zoopsa zamagetsi, kutentha, komanso zachilengedwe. Zosokoneza magetsi (GFCIs) zimateteza ku kugwedezeka, pomwe mawaya otetezedwa amaletsa mawaya afupiafupi. Ma fuse a kutentha ndi ma valve ochepetsa kupanikizika amateteza thanki yotentha.

Kutsatira miyezo ngati UL (Underwriters Laboratories) kapena NSF (National Sanitation Foundation) imawonetsetsa kuti zinthu sizikhala zapoizoni ndipo makina ndi umboni wotsikitsitsa. Maonedwe a mphamvu ya mphamvu amatsogolera ogula pa mtengo wogwirira ntchito.

 

Kukonza ndi Kufufuza Zovuta

Kusamalira pafupipafupi kumawonjezera moyo wa dispenser. Kuyeretsa matanki kotala ndi vinyo wosasa kumachotsa sikelo, pomwe kusintha zosefera kumalepheretsa kutsekeka. Kuthetsa mavuto kumaphatikizapo kuyang'ana magetsi ngati sakugwira ntchito, kuyang'ana makhola ngati akulephera kuziziritsa, kapena kuyesa ma heaters ngati akuwotcha.

Zolakwika zomwe zimachitika nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizira kutsetsereka kwa thermostat, zomwe zimatsogolera ku kutentha kolakwika, kapena kutuluka kwa ma valve kumayambitsa kudontha. Kuthandizira akatswiri kumalimbikitsidwa pazinthu za refrigerant.

 

Kutsiliza

Zopangira madzi otentha ndi ozizira zimapereka chitsanzo cha kasamalidwe koyenera kakutentha kwamagetsi pamagetsi ogula. Mwa kuphatikiza mafiriji, zotenthetsera, ndi zowongolera, amapereka mwayi wodalirika wamadzi owongolera kutentha. Pomwe ukadaulo ukupita patsogolo, yembekezerani zanzeru ngati kulumikizidwa kwa IoT pakuwunika kwakutali. Kumvetsetsa njirazi kumathandizira ogwiritsa ntchito kukhathamiritsa kugwiritsa ntchito ndikusunga zida zawo moyenera.

Kuti mudziwe zambiri zokhudza makina otulutsira madzi otentha ndi ozizira momwe amagwirira ntchito , mutha kupita ku Olansi pa https://www.olansgz.com/how-does-a-reverse-osmosis-hot-and-cold-water-dispenser-work/ kuti mudziwe zambiri.